Behaviourist CALL
- Proposed by B.F. Skinner in 1957
- Stimulus and response
- Learners must be stimulated - teaching aid, environment of classroom, tone
- Behaviourism in language learning means that it is viewed as a system of structurally related elements for the coding of meaning
- Behaviourists work on the assumption that learners are passive. They view learners as a blank slate
- To enhance learning, environment must be properly structured (repetition and memorization)
- Focuses on product rather than processes
- The role of the of this CALL is as a "mechanical tutor"
- Example: PLATO by University of Illinois
Communicative CALL
- Rise in 1970's around the time of rejection towards behaviourism
- Learner-centered approach
- Discovery learning
- Focuses on the process rather than the products
- Focuses on the use of the forms rather than than on the forms themselves
- Learners will not be dependent on the computer, but both at the same level
- Limits:
- Teacher to be distant
- Students to be independent
Integrative CALL
- Rise in 1996
- Authentic vs artificial use of language
- Technology is integrated into the language learning process
- Authentic use of of the language
- Task-based, content-based and project-based methods
- Computer becomes the vehicle as a tool
- Creation of new knowledge
- Classroom is not confined within the four walls
- Students can interact via international or local network
- Learning via technology
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